End-Fired Furnace Refractory Solutions
Twelve zones, each matched to its own wear mechanism — from the burner port and target wall to the regenerator, throat and the long forehearth that carries your glass quality.
End-Fired Furnace — Zone by Zone
An end-fired furnace concentrates heat at the burner end and relies on a long forehearth for conditioning. Localised thermal load and glass quality drive the specification, zone by zone.
Tap or click a numbered marker on the furnace cross-section to jump to the refractory configuration for that zone.
Refractory Configuration by Furnace Zone
Each zone below corresponds to a numbered marker on the furnace cross-section above. An end-fired furnace concentrates its thermal load at the burner end and relies on a long forehearth for conditioning — so the specification emphasises localised heat resistance and glass quality rather than uniform high-specification brick throughout.
Doghouse & Charging Area加料池 / 投料口
Working conditions
In an end-fired furnace the doghouse sits close to the burner end, so charging cold batch against hot brickwork happens in an already hotter environment than in a cross-fired tank. Thermal cycling is severe and batch dust erosion continuous.
XZK-LI140
Backs the L-shaped suspended wall in the charging area. Density 0.8–1.2 g/cm³.
XZK-DN12
Baffle block and doghouse brickwork. Apparent porosity ≤ 12%, RUL ≥ 1470°C.
XZK-CM85
Charging-port facing where abrasion and thermal cycling combine.
Crown大碹
Working conditions
The crown spans the melting end and, in an end-fired furnace, carries a steeper thermal gradient from the burner end to the throat than a comparable cross-fired tank. Creep resistance under sustained load is the governing property, since the arch shoulders its own weight at temperature.
XZK-GS
Standard crown working layer with outstanding creep resistance above 1600°C.
XZK-CM90
Crown areas at the burner end where localised temperature is highest. Al2O3 ≥ 90%, RUL ≥ 1700°C.
XZK-SL65
Port crown and high-alkali areas. RUL ≥ 1650°C, thermal shock ≥ 15 cycles.
Crown Corner (Springing)大碹角 / 碹脚
Working conditions
The crown springing carries the arch thrust and is the principal path for alkali vapour rising from the melt. In an end-fired furnace, the higher localised temperatures at the burner end accelerate the reaction between alkali vapour and the brickwork.
XZK-ZR65-A
Dense aggregate zircon for crown corners. ZrO2 ≥ 65%, density ≥ 3.80 g/cm³.
XZK-ZM30
High-zirconia grade for springing positions with severe alkali load. ZrO2 ≥ 30%.
Target Wall & Gable Wall目标墙 / 山墙
Working conditions
In an end-fired furnace the flame reverses against the target wall at the far end, so this wall takes the full impact of the reversing flame front repeatedly. It sees peak localised temperature, high-velocity gas scouring and severe thermal cycling on every reversal.
XZK-FAZS36
Target wall working face. ZrO2 ≥ 36%, CCS ≥ 300 MPa, RUL ≥ 1700°C.
XZK-3R
Patented grade for positions where shock, spalling and erosion occur together. Patent ZL201310431067.6.
XZK-CC30
High-chromia grade for maximum slag and alkali resistance. Cr2O3 ≥ 30%.
Port Neck & Burner Block小炉颈与喷火口
Working conditions
The burner port is where an end-fired furnace is most severe. Flame velocity is highest at the port, localised temperature spikes during combustion, and every reversal subjects the block to abrupt thermal shock. Wear here changes the flame shape and therefore the whole furnace profile.
XZK-3R
Burner blocks and port necks under combined thermal shock, spalling and erosion. ZrO2 ≥ 7%, Cr2O3 ≥ 10%, thermal shock ≥ 10 cycles.
XZK-CC15
Port neck brickwork. Cr2O3 ≥ 14.5%, RUL ≥ 1700°C, thermal shock ≥ 12 cycles.
XZK-FAZS41
Port neck and burner surround cast shapes. Highest zirconia grade for the most severe melt-contact positions.
Melter Sidewall & Flux Line熔化部池壁与液面线
Working conditions
The molten glass circulates against the sidewall under combined chemical attack and mechanical scour, and the flux line is where the brick is alternately submerged and exposed. In an end-fired furnace, sidewall brickwork near the burner end runs hotter and therefore corrodes faster than the equivalent position in a cross-fired tank.
XZK-FAZS41
Flux line and hot-end sidewall. ZrO2 ≥ 41%, density ≥ 3.95 g/cm³, exudation ≤ 2.5%.
XZK-FAZS36
General sidewall. Balanced corrosion resistance and structural strength.
XZK-CR99
High-purity 99% alumina where contamination cannot be tolerated.
Tank Bottom Paving池底铺底
Working conditions
Heavy metal contaminants settling from the batch penetrate permeable joints and drill upward through the bottom structure. The paving must also tolerate the thermal cycling of charging. This is the failure mode that turns a worn lining into a glass leak.
XZK-ZR65-A
Primary barrier against melt penetration and upward drilling. Density ≥ 3.80 g/cm³, low wettability by glass.
XZK-FAZS33
Bottom paving with the best thermal shock behaviour of the fused cast family. Exudation ≤ 2.0%.
XZK-SAZS30
Structural paving courses. ZrO2 ≥ 30%, RUL ≥ 1620°C.
Bottom Insulation & Sealing Layer池底保温与密封层
Working conditions
The sealing layer beneath the paving is the second barrier against melt penetration and the point at which a developing leak is stopped. Insulation above it reduces heat loss from the melting zone and keeps the working layer at temperature.
XZK-RM-ZR
Sealing sub-layer under the paving. ZrO2 ≥ 63%, density ≥ 3.3 g/cm³, CCS ≥ 50 MPa at 1200°C.
XZK-RM-AZS
Alternative sub-layer where AZS chemistry is specified. ZrO2 ≥ 30%.
XZK-LI140-1.2
Bottom insulation below the sealing layer. CCS ≥ 8.0 MPa, conductivity ≤ 0.50 W/(m·K).
Regenerator蓄热室
Working conditions
In an end-fired furnace the regenerator sits directly under the burner end, so it sees higher gas temperatures and heavier carry-over than a cross-fired regenerator of similar size. The three-zone mechanism still applies: alkali scour above 1100°C, sulphate condensation and flue blockage between 800 and 1100°C, and accumulated load below 800°C.
XZK-CC12
Hot and condensation zones. Barrel form increases heat transfer surface; Cr2O3 ≥ 12% resists sulphate attack.
XZK magnesia series
Top courses and target walls. Highest alkali resistance available; low-creep grades for crown applications.
XZK-SL60
Structural courses and rider arch, where creep resistance governs.
XZK-AN65-P
Rider arch bricks for ultimate creep resistance at the checkerwork foundation.
Throat流液洞
Working conditions
In an end-fired furnace the throat is typically the transition from the melting end into the conditioning section. It is the narrowest passage and carries the highest glass velocity, combining intense thermal shock with severe mechanical abrasion.
XZK-CM90
Throat and throat wall. Low creep keeps the passage stable over a multi-year campaign.
XZK-CR99
99% alumina for maximum abrasion resistance with no glassy phase to exude.
XZK-ZR65-B
Where alkali resistance and thermal shock tolerance are both required.
Forehearth Channel料道槽
Working conditions
In end-fired furnaces the forehearth is long, and glass quality is decided along its length. Any exudation or spalling from the channel becomes a blister, stone or cord in the finished product. The requirement is purity and thermal stability, not maximum refractoriness.
XZK-CM85
Channel blocks and forehearth sidewalls. Interlocking corundum-mullite network resists thermal cycling.
XZK-CR99
High-purity channel blocks with no glassy phase to exude into the melt.
XZK-SAZS30
Channel and spout positions. Ceramically bonded, cannot exude.
Forehearth Roof & Cover Blocks料道盖板
Working conditions
Above the melt, cover blocks are cycled continuously by gob forming and must not shed particles into the glass. Thermal shock resistance is the decisive property, because spalling contamination is far more costly than the block itself.
XZK-CM85 / CM90
Cover blocks with excellent thermal shock resistance to prevent structural peeling.
XZK-SL65
Cover blocks where alkali load is also present. Thermal shock ≥ 15 cycles.
XZK-ML70-B
Roof and cover positions requiring low creep under sustained load. RUL ≥ 1700°C.
On Site — End-Fired and Cross-Fired Furnace Installations
Installation photographs from container and tableware furnaces: burner port blocks, the crown and crown corner, and the regenerator checkerwork.
How an End-Fired Configuration Is Actually Decided
An end-fired furnace concentrates its thermal load at the burner end and spreads conditioning across a long forehearth. That shape drives the specification: the burner end needs maximum resistance to localised heat and reversal shock, while the forehearth needs purity and thermal stability rather than refractoriness.
Weight the specification toward the burner end. Port neck, burner block and target wall see conditions as severe as any glass contact position. Using the same grade here as in the cooler end of the furnace is the most common cause of premature wear in an end-fired tank.
Treat the forehearth as a quality component, not a spare part. A forehearth block costs far less than the glass it can spoil. Where contamination is unacceptable, specify a material with no glassy phase — density and cost are secondary to the absence of exudation.
Design the regenerator for carry-over. Sitting under the burner end, the regenerator takes heavier dust load. Where clogging risk is significant, enlarged-channel checker shapes in the condensation zone reduce blockage at the design stage — far cheaper than clearing a blocked chamber mid-campaign.
Send us your furnace data — melting area, pull rate, batch composition, fuel and campaign target — and our engineers will return a zone-by-zone configuration with the relevant performance figures for each position.
Get your end-fired furnace configuration reviewed — free
Send us your furnace data or current lining drawing. Our engineers will return a zone-by-zone configuration with performance figures for each position, and a quotation within 24 hours.
Glass Furnace Projects
Refractory configurations supplied to float, container and specialty glass producers. Each project is specified zone by zone, against the furnace data — not from a catalogue.
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